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[第6章]

 第6章 ビタミンとミネラル



Henry C. Lukaski, PhD, FACSM, FCASN

Rodriguez, N.R., N.M. DiMarco, and S. Langley. 2009. Position of the American Dietetic Association, Dietitians of Canada, and the American College of Sports Medicine: Nutrition and athletic performance. Journal of the American Dietetic Association 109(3): 509-527.Google Scholar検索

Lukaski, H. 2004. Vitamin and mineral status: Effects on physical performance. Nutrition 20(7-8): 632-644.Google Scholar検索

Volpe, S.L. 2007. Micronutrient requirements for athletes. Clinics in Sports Medicine 26(1): 119-130.Google Scholar検索

Institute of Medicine, Food and Nutrition Board. 1997. Dietary reference intakes for calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, vitamin D, and fluoride. Washington, DC: National Academies Press.Google Scholar検索

Institute of Medicine, Food and Nutrition Board. 1998. Dietary references intakes for thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, vitamin B12, folate, pantothenic acid, biotin, and choline. Washington, DC: National Academy Press.Google Scholar検索

Institute of Medicine, Food and Nutrition Board. 2000. Dietary reference intakes for vitamin C, vitamin E, selenium, and carotenoids. Washington, DC: National Academy Press.Google Scholar検索

Institute of Medicine, Food and Nutrition Board. 2001. Dietary reference intakes for vitamin A, vitamin K, arsenic, boron, chromium, copper, iodine, iron, manganese, molybdenum, nickel, silicon, vanadium, and zinc. Washington, DC: National Academy Press.Google Scholar検索

Institute of Medicine, Food and Nutrition Board. 2005. Dietary reference intakes for water, potassium, chloride, and sodium. Washington, DC: National Academy Press.Google Scholar検索

Institute of Medicine, Food and Nutrition Board. 2003. Dietary reference intakes: Applications in dietary planning. Washington, DC: National Academy Press.Google Scholar検索

競技選手のための微量栄養素の要求量

Lukaski, H. 2004. Vitamin and mineral status: Effects on physical performance. Nutrition 20(7-8): 632-644.Google Scholar検索

Magkos, F., and M. Yannakoulia. 2003. Methodology of dietary assessment in athletes: Concepts and pitfalls. Current Opinion in Clinical Nutrition and Metabolic Care 6(5): 539-549.Google Scholar検索

Institute of Medicine, Food and Nutrition Board. 1997. Dietary reference intakes for calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, vitamin D, and fluoride. Washington, DC: National Academies Press.Google Scholar検索

Institute of Medicine, Food and Nutrition Board. 1998. Dietary references intakes for thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, vitamin B12, folate, pantothenic acid, biotin, and choline. Washington, DC: National Academy Press.Google Scholar検索

Institute of Medicine, Food and Nutrition Board. 2000. Dietary reference intakes for vitamin C, vitamin E, selenium, and carotenoids. Washington, DC: National Academy Press.Google Scholar検索

Institute of Medicine, Food and Nutrition Board. 2001. Dietary reference intakes for vitamin A, vitamin K, arsenic, boron, chromium, copper, iodine, iron, manganese, molybdenum, nickel, silicon, vanadium, and zinc. Washington, DC: National Academy Press.Google Scholar検索

ビタミンとパフォーマンス

Woolf, K., and M.M. Manore. 2006. B-vitamins and exercise: Does exercise alter requirements? International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism 16(5): 453-484.Google Scholar検索

チアミン

Short, S.H., and W.R. Short. 1983. Four-year study of university athletes’ dietary intake. Journal of the American Dietetic Association 82(6): 632-645.Google Scholar検索

Loosli, A.R., and J. Benson. 1990. Nutritional intake in adolescent athletes. Pediatric Clinics of North America 37(5): 1143-1152.Google Scholar検索

Economos, C.D., S.S. Bortz, and M.E. Nelson. 1993. Nutritional practices of elite athletes. Practical recommendations. Sports Medicine (Auckland, NZ) 16(6): 381-399.Google Scholar検索

Wood, B., A. Gijsbers, A. Goode, S. Davis, J. Mulholland, and K. Breen. 1980. A study of partial thiamin restriction in human volunteers. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 33(4): 848-861.Google Scholar検索

Fogelholm, M., I. Ruokonen, J.T. Laakso, T. Vuorimaa, and J.J. Himberg. 1993. Lack of association between indices of vitamin B1, B2, and B6 status and exercise-induced blood lactate in young adults. International Journal of Sport Nutrition 3(2): 165-176.Google Scholar検索

Doyle, M.R., M.J. Webster, and L.D. Erdmann. 1997. Allithiamine ingestion does not enhance isokinetic parameters of muscle performance. International Journal of Sport Nutrition 7(1): 39-47.Google Scholar検索

Webster, M.J. 1998. Physiological and performance responses to supplementation with thiamin and pantothenic acid derivatives. European Journal of Applied Physiology and Occupational Physiology 77(6): 486-491.Google Scholar検索

リボフラビン

Institute of Medicine, Food and Nutrition Board. 1998. Dietary references intakes for thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, vitamin B12, folate, pantothenic acid, biotin, and choline. Washington, DC: National Academy Press.Google Scholar検索

Short, S.H., and W.R. Short. 1983. Four-year study of university athletes’ dietary intake. Journal of the American Dietetic Association 82(6): 632-645.Google Scholar検索

Loosli, A.R., and J. Benson. 1990. Nutritional intake in adolescent athletes. Pediatric Clinics of North America 37(5): 1143-1152.Google Scholar検索

Beshgetoor, D., and J.F. Nichols. 2003. Dietary intake and supplement use in female master cyclists and runners. International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism 13(2): 166-172.Google Scholar検索

Kirchner, E.M., R.D. Lewis, and P.J. O’Connor. 1995. Bone mineral density and dietary intake of female college gymnasts. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise 27(4): 543-549.Google Scholar検索

Fogelholm, M., I. Ruokonen, J.T. Laakso, T. Vuorimaa, and J.J. Himberg. 1993. Lack of association between indices of vitamin B1, B2, and B6 status and exercise-induced blood lactate in young adults. International Journal of Sport Nutrition 3(2): 165-176.Google Scholar検索

Keith, R.E., and L.A. Alt. 1991. Riboflavin status of female athletes consuming normal diets. Nutrition Research 11: 727-734.Google Scholar検索

Belko, A.Z., E. Obarzanek, R. Roach, M. Rotter, G. Urban, S. Weinberg, and D.A. Roe. 1984. Effects of aerobic exercise and weight loss on riboflavin requirements of moderately obese, marginally deficient young women. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 40(3): 553-561.Google Scholar検索

Belko, A.Z., M.P. Meredith, H.J. Kalkwarf, E. Obarzanek, S. Weinberg, R. Roach, G. McKeon, and D.A. Roe. 1985. Effects of exercise on riboflavin requirements: Biological validation in weight reducing women. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 41(2): 270-277.Google Scholar検索

Suboticanec, K., A. Stavljenic, W. Schalch, and R. Buzina. 1990. Effects of pyridoxine and riboflavin supplementation on physical fitness in young adolescents. International Journal for Vitamin and Nutrition Research 60(1): 81-88.Google Scholar検索

van der Beek, E.J., W. van Dokkum, M. Wedel, J. Schrijver, and H. van den Berg. 1994. Thiamin, riboflavin and vitamin B6: Impact of restricted intake on physical performance in man. Journal of the American College of Nutrition 13(6): 629-640.Google Scholar検索

ナイアシン

Heath, E.M. 2006. Niacin. In: Sports nutrition, edited by J.A. Driskell and I. Wolinsky, 69-80. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press. Google Scholar検索

Pernow, B., and B. Saltin. 1971. Availability of substrates and capacity for prolonged heavy exercise in man. Journal of Applied Physiology 31(3): 416-422.Google Scholar検索

Galbo, H., J.J. Holst, N.J. Christensen, and J. Hilsted. 1976. Glucagon and plasma catecholamines during beta-receptor blockade in exercising man. Journal of Applied Physiology 40(6): 855-863.Google Scholar検索

Murray, R., W.P. Bartoli, D.E. Eddy, and M.K. Horn. 1995. Physiological and performance responses to nicotinic-acid ingestion during exercise. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise 27(7): 1057-1062.Google Scholar検索

ビタミンB6

Institute of Medicine, Food and Nutrition Board. 1998. Dietary references intakes for thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, vitamin B12, folate, pantothenic acid, biotin, and choline. Washington, DC: National Academy Press.Google Scholar検索

Leklem, J.E. 1990. Vitamin B-6: A status report. Journal of Nutrition 120(Suppl 11): 1503-1507.Google Scholar検索

Manore, M.M. 2000. Effect of physical activity on thiamine, riboflavin, and vitamin B-6 requirements. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 72(2 Suppl): 598S-606S.Google Scholar検索

Fogelholm, M., I. Ruokonen, J.T. Laakso, T. Vuorimaa, and J.J. Himberg. 1993. Lack of association between indices of vitamin B1, B2, and B6 status and exercise-induced blood lactate in young adults. International Journal of Sport Nutrition 3(2): 165-176.Google Scholar検索

Stacewicz-Sapuntzakis, M., and G. Borthakur. 2006. Vitamin A. In: Sports nutrition, edited by J.A. Driskell and I. Wolinsky, 163-174.Google Scholar検索

Virk, R.S., N.J. Dunton, J.C. Young, and J.E. Leklem. 1999. Effect of vitamin B-6 supplementation on fuels, catecholamines, and amino acids during exercise in men. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise 31(3): 400-408.Google Scholar検索

Fogelholm, M., I. Ruokonen, J.T. Laakso, T. Vuorimaa, and J.J. Himberg. 1993. Lack of association between indices of vitamin B1, B2, and B6 status and exercise-induced blood lactate in young adults. International Journal of Sport Nutrition 3(2): 165-176.Google Scholar検索

Manore, M.M. 2000. Effect of physical activity on thiamine, riboflavin, and vitamin B-6 requirements. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 72(2 Suppl): 598S-606S.Google Scholar検索

葉酸

Institute of Medicine, Food and Nutrition Board. 1998. Dietary references intakes for thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, vitamin B12, folate, pantothenic acid, biotin, and choline. Washington, DC: National Academy Press.Google Scholar検索

Woolf, K., and M.M. Manore. 2006. B-vitamins and exercise: Does exercise alter requirements? International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism 16(5): 453-484.Google Scholar検索

Keith, R.E., K.A. O’Keeffe, L.A. Alt, and K.L. Young. 1989. Dietary status of trained female cyclists. Journal of the American Dietetic Association 89(11): 1620-1623.Google Scholar検索

Faber, M., and A.J. Benade. 1991. Mineral and vitamin intake in field athletes (discus-, hammer-, javelin-throwers and shotputters). International Journal of Sports Medicine 12(3): 324-327.Google Scholar検索

Matter, M., T. Stittfall, J. Graves, K. Myburgh, B. Adams, P. Jacobs, and T.D. Noakes. 1987. The effect of iron and folate therapy on maximal exercise performance in female marathon runners with iron and folate deficiency. Clinical Science 72(4): 415-422.Google Scholar検索

Beals, K.A., and M.M. Manore. 1998. Nutritional status of female athletes with subclinical eating disorders. Journal of the American Dietetic Association 98(4): 419-425.Google Scholar検索

Herrmann, M., R. Obeid, J. Scharhag, W. Kindermann, and W. Herrmann. 2005. Altered vitamin B12 status in recreational endurance athletes. International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism 15(4): 433-441.Google Scholar検索

Matter, M., T. Stittfall, J. Graves, K. Myburgh, B. Adams, P. Jacobs, and T.D. Noakes. 1987. The effect of iron and folate therapy on maximal exercise performance in female marathon runners with iron and folate deficiency. Clinical Science 72(4): 415-422.Google Scholar検索

ビタミンB12

Keith, R.E., K.A. O’Keeffe, L.A. Alt, and K.L. Young. 1989. Dietary status of trained female cyclists. Journal of the American Dietetic Association 89(11): 1620-1623.Google Scholar検索

Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press. Steen, S.N., K. Mayer, K.D. Brownell, and T.A. Wadden. 1995. Dietary intake of female collegiate heavyweight rowers. International Journal of Sport Nutrition 5(3): 225-231.Google Scholar検索

Ziegler, P.J., J.A. Nelson, and S.S. Jonnalagadda. 1999. Nutritional and physiological status of U.S. national figure skaters. International Journal of Sport Nutrition 9(4): 345-360.Google Scholar検索

Montoye, H.J., P.J. Spata, V. Pinckney, and L. Barron. 1955. Effects of vitamin B12 supplementation on physical fitness and growth of young boys. Journal of Applied Physiology 7(6): 589-592.Google Scholar検索

Tin-May-Than, Ma-Win-May, Khin-Sann-Aung, and M. Mya-Tu. 1978. The effect of vitamin B12 on physical performance capacity. British Journal of Nutrition 40(2): 269-273.Google Scholar検索

Read, M.H., and S.L. McGuffin. 1983. The effect of B-complex supplementation on endurance performance. Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness 23(2): 178-184.Google Scholar検索

それ以外のB群ビタミン

Institute of Medicine, Food and Nutrition Board. 1998. Dietary references intakes for thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, vitamin B12, folate, pantothenic acid, biotin, and choline. Washington, DC: National Academy Press.Google Scholar検索

Webster, M.J. 1998. Physiological and performance responses to supplementation with thiamin and pantothenic acid derivatives. European Journal of Applied Physiology and Occupational Physiology 77(6): 486-491.Google Scholar検索

Deuster, P.A., and J.A. Cooper. 2006. Choline. In: Sports nutrition, edited by J.A. Driskell and I. Wolinsky. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press.Google Scholar検索

ビタミンB複合体

van der Beek, E.J., W. van Dokkum, M. Wedel, J. Schrijver, and H. van den Berg. 1994. Thiamin, riboflavin and vitamin B6: Impact of restricted intake on physical performance in man. Journal of the American College of Nutrition 13(6): 629-640.Google Scholar検索

ビタミンC

Institute of Medicine, Food and Nutrition Board. 2000. Dietary reference intakes for vitamin C, vitamin E, selenium, and carotenoids. Washington, DC: National Academy Press.Google Scholar検索

Keith, R.E. 2006. Ascorbic acid. In: Sports nutrition, edited by J.A. Driskell and I. Wolinsky, 29-46. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press.Google Scholar検索

Telford, R.D., E.A. Catchpole, V. Deakin, A.G. Hahn, and A.W. Plank. 1992. The effect of 7 to 8 months of vitamin/mineral supplementation on athletic performance. International Journal of Sport Nutrition 2(2): 135-153.Google Scholar検索

Lemmel, G. 1938. Vitamin C deficiency and general capacity for work. Munchener Medizinische Wochenschrift 85: 1381.Google Scholar検索

van der Beek, E.J., W. van Dokkum, J. Schrijver, A. Wesstra, C. Kistemaker, and R.J. Hermus. 1990. Controlled vitamin C restriction and physical performance in volunteers. Journal of the American College of Nutrition 9(4): 332-339.Google Scholar検索

Johnston, C.S., P.D. Swan, and C. Corte. 1999. Substrate utilization and work efficiency during submaximal exercise in vitamin C depleted-repleted adults. International Journal for Vitamin and Nutrition Research 69(1): 41-44.Google Scholar検索

脂溶性ビタミン

Institute of Medicine, Food and Nutrition Board. 1997. Dietary reference intakes for calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, vitamin D, and fluoride. Washington, DC: National Academies Press.Google Scholar検索

Institute of Medicine, Food and Nutrition Board. 2000. Dietary reference intakes for vitamin C, vitamin E, selenium, and carotenoids. Washington, DC: National Academy Press.Google Scholar検索

Institute of Medicine, Food and Nutrition Board. 2001. Dietary reference intakes for vitamin A, vitamin K, arsenic, boron, chromium, copper, iodine, iron, manganese, molybdenum, nickel, silicon, vanadium, and zinc. Washington, DC: National Academy Press.Google Scholar検索

Marzani, B., M. Balage, A. Venien, T. Astruc, I. Papet, D. Dardevet, and L. Mosoni. 2008. Antioxidant supplementation restores defective leucine stimulation of protein synthesis in skeletal muscle from old rats. Journal of Nutrition 138(11): 2205-2211.Google Scholar検索

ビタミンA

Institute of Medicine, Food and Nutrition Board. 2001. Dietary reference intakes for vitamin A, vitamin K, arsenic, boron, chromium, copper, iodine, iron, manganese, molybdenum, nickel, silicon, vanadium, and zinc. Washington, DC: National Academy Press.Google Scholar検索

Peters, A.J., R.H. Dressendorfer, J. Rimar, and C.L. Keen. 1986. Diet of endurance runners competing in a 20-day road race. Physician and SportsMedicine 14: 63-70.Google Scholar検索

Cohen, J.L., L. Potosnak, O. Frank, and H. Baker. 1985. A nutritional and hematological assessment of elite ballet dancers. Physician and SportsMedicine 13: 43-54.Google Scholar検索

Guilland, J.C., T. Penaranda, C. Gallet, V. Boggio, F. Fuchs, and J. Klepping. 1989. Vitamin status of young athletes including the effects of supplementation. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise 21(4): 441-449.Google Scholar検索

Niekamp, R.A., and J.T. Baer. 1995. In-season dietary adequacy of trained male cross-country runners. International Journal of Sport Nutrition 5(1): 45-55.Google Scholar検索

Steen, S.N., and S. McKinney. 1986. Nutritional assessment of college wrestlers. Physician and SportsMedicine 14: 101-116.Google Scholar検索

Benson, J., D.M. Gillen, K. Bourdet, and A.R. Loosli. 1985. Inadequate nutrition and chronic calorie restriction in adolescent ballerinas. Physician and SportsMedicine 13: 79-90.Google Scholar検索

Loosli, A.R., J. Benson, D.M. Gillen, and K. Bourdet. 1986. Nutritional habits and knowledge in competitive adolescent female gymnasts. Physician and SportsMedicine 14: 118-121.Google Scholar検索

Soric, M., M. Misigoj-Durakovic, and Z. Pedisic. 2008. Dietary intake and body composition of prepubescent female aesthetic athletes. International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism 18(3): 343-354.Google Scholar検索

Filaire, E., and G. Lac. 2002. Nutritional status and body composition of juvenile elite female gymnasts. Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness 42(1): 65-70.Google Scholar検索

Stacewicz-Sapuntzakis, M., and G. Borthakur. 2006. Vitamin A. In: Sports nutrition, edited by J.A. Driskell and I. Wolinsky, 163-174.Google Scholar検索

Wald, G., L. Brougha, and R. Johnson. 1942. Experimental human vitamin A deficiency and ability to perform muscular exercise. American Journal of Physiology 137: 551-554.Google Scholar検索

ビタミンE

Institute of Medicine, Food and Nutrition Board. 2000. Dietary reference intakes for vitamin C, vitamin E, selenium, and carotenoids. Washington, DC: National Academy Press.Google Scholar検索

Institute of Medicine, Food and Nutrition Board. 2001. Dietary reference intakes for vitamin A, vitamin K, arsenic, boron, chromium, copper, iodine, iron, manganese, molybdenum, nickel, silicon, vanadium, and zinc. Washington, DC: National Academy Press.Google Scholar検索

Economos, C.D., S.S. Bortz, and M.E. Nelson. 1993. Nutritional practices of elite athletes. Practical recommendations. Sports Medicine (Auckland, NZ) 16(6): 381-399.Google Scholar検索

Guilland, J.C., T. Penaranda, C. Gallet, V. Boggio, F. Fuchs, and J. Klepping. 1989. Vitamin status of young athletes including the effects of supplementation. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise 21(4): 441-449.Google Scholar検索

Loosli, A.R., J. Benson, D.M. Gillen, and K. Bourdet. 1986. Nutritional habits and knowledge in competitive adolescent female gymnasts. Physician and SportsMedicine 14: 118-121.Google Scholar検索

Benson, J., D.M. Gillen, K. Bourdet, and A.R. Loosli. 1985. Inadequate nutrition and chronic calorie restriction in adolescent ballerinas. Physician and SportsMedicine 13: 79-90.Google Scholar検索

Guilland, J.C., T. Penaranda, C. Gallet, V. Boggio, F. Fuchs, and J. Klepping. 1989. Vitamin status of young athletes including the effects of supplementation. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise 21(4): 441-449.Google Scholar検索

Sharman, I.M., M.G. Down, and N.G. Norgan. 1976. The effects of vitamin E on physiological function and athletic performance of trained swimmers. Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness 16(3): 215-225.Google Scholar検索

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Simon-Schnass, I., and H. Pabst. 1988. Influence of vitamin E on physical performance. International Journal for Vitamin and Nutrition Research 58(1): 49-54.Google Scholar検索

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Aguilo, A., P. Tauler, A. Sureda, N. Cases, J. Tur, and A. Pons. 2007. Antioxidant diet supplementation enhances aerobic performance in amateur sportsmen. Journal of Sports Sciences 25(11): 1203-1210.Google Scholar検索

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ビタミンD

Institute of Medicine, Food and Nutrition Board. 1997. Dietary reference intakes for calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, vitamin D, and fluoride. Washington, DC: National Academies Press.Google Scholar検索

Plotnikoff, G.A., and J.M. Quigley. 2003. Prevalence of severe hypovitaminosis D in patients with persistent, nonspecific musculoskeletal pain. Mayo Clinic Proceedings 78(12): 1463-1470.Google Scholar検索

Hoogendijk, W.J., P. Lips, M.G. Dik, D.J. Deeg, A.T. Beekman, and B.W. Penninx. 2008. Depression is associated with decreased 25-hydroxyvitamin D and increased parathyroid hormone levels in older adults. Archives of General Psychiatry 65(5): 508-512.Google Scholar検索

Institute of Medicine, Food and Nutrition Board. 1997. Dietary reference intakes for calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, vitamin D, and fluoride. Washington, DC: National Academies Press.Google Scholar検索

Pfeifer, M., B. Begerow, and H.W. Minne. 2002. Vitamin D and muscle function. Osteoporosis International 13(3): 187-194.Google Scholar検索

Cannell, J.J., B.W. Hollis, M.B. Sorenson, T.N. Taft, and J.J. Anderson. 2009. Athletic performance and vitamin D. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise 41(5): 1102-1110.Google Scholar検索

Cannell, J.J., B.W. Hollis, M.B. Sorenson, T.N. Taft, and J.J. Anderson. 2009. Athletic performance and vitamin D. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise 41(5): 1102-1110.Google Scholar検索

Cannell, J.J., B.W. Hollis, M. Zasloff, and R.P. Heaney. 2008. Diagnosis and treatment of vitamin D deficiency. Expert Opinion on Pharmacotherapy 9(1): 107-118.Google Scholar検索

Holick, M.F. 2007. Vitamin D deficiency. New England Journal of Medicine 357(3): 266-281.Google Scholar検索

Pfeifer, M., B. Begerow, and H.W. Minne. 2002. Vitamin D and muscle function. Osteoporosis International 13(3): 187-194.Google Scholar検索

Bischoff-Ferrari, H.A., T. Dietrich, E.J. Orav, F.B. Hu, Y. Zhang, E.W. Karlson, and B. DawsonHughes. 2004. Higher 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentrations are associated with better lower-extremity function in both active and inactive persons aged > or =60 y. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 80(3): 752-758.Google Scholar検索

ミネラルとパフォーマンス

Institute of Medicine, Food and Nutrition Board. 1997. Dietary reference intakes for calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, vitamin D, and fluoride. Washington, DC: National Academies Press.Google Scholar検索

Institute of Medicine, Food and Nutrition Board. 2001. Dietary reference intakes for vitamin A, vitamin K, arsenic, boron, chromium, copper, iodine, iron, manganese, molybdenum, nickel, silicon, vanadium, and zinc. Washington, DC: National Academy Press.Google Scholar検索

Institute of Medicine, Food and Nutrition Board. 2005. Dietary reference intakes for water, potassium, chloride, and sodium. Washington, DC: National Academy Press.Google Scholar検索

ナトリウム、カリウム、塩素

Institute of Medicine, Food and Nutrition Board. 2005. Dietary reference intakes for water, potassium, chloride, and sodium. Washington, DC: National Academy Press.Google Scholar検索

Stofan, J.R., J.J. Zachwieja, C.A. Horswill, R. Murray, S.A. Anderson, and E.R. Eichner. 2005. Sweat and sodium losses in NCAA football players: A precursor to heat cramps? International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism 15(6): 641-652.Google Scholar検索

カルシウムとリン

Institute of Medicine, Food and Nutrition Board. 1997. Dietary reference intakes for calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, vitamin D, and fluoride. Washington, DC: National Academies Press.Google Scholar検索

Bredle, D.L., J.M. Stager, W.F. Brechue, and M.O. Farber. 1988. Phosphate supplementation, cardiovascular function, and exercise performance in humans. Journal of Applied Physiology 65(4): 1821-1826.Google Scholar検索

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マグネシウム

Institute of Medicine, Food and Nutrition Board. 1997. Dietary reference intakes for calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, vitamin D, and fluoride. Washington, DC: National Academies Press.Google Scholar検索

Nielsen, F.H., and H.C. Lukaski. 2006. Update on the relationship between magnesium and exercise. Magnesium Research 19(3): 180-189.Google Scholar検索

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亜鉛

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セレン

Institute of Medicine, Food and Nutrition Board. 2000. Dietary reference intakes for vitamin C, vitamin E, selenium, and carotenoids. Washington, DC: National Academy Press.Google Scholar検索

クロム

Short, S.H., and W.R. Short. 1983. Four-year study of university athletes’ dietary intake. Journal of the American Dietetic Association 82(6): 632-645.Google Scholar検索

Institute of Medicine, Food and Nutrition Board. 2001. Dietary reference intakes for vitamin A, vitamin K, arsenic, boron, chromium, copper, iodine, iron, manganese, molybdenum, nickel, silicon, vanadium, and zinc. Washington, DC: National Academy Press.Google Scholar検索

Lukaski, H. 1999. Chromium as a supplement. Annual Review of Nutrition 19: 279-302.Google Scholar検索

Evans, G.W. 1989. The effect of chromium picolinate on insulin-controlled parameters in humans. International Journal of Bioscience and Medical Research 11: 163-180.Google Scholar検索

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Lukaski, H.C. 2007. Effects of chromium(III) as a nutritional supplement. In: The nutritional biochemistry of chromium(III), edited by J.B. Vincent, 71-84. New York: Elsevier.Google Scholar検索

その他のミネラル

Institute of Medicine, Food and Nutrition Board. 1997. Dietary reference intakes for calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, vitamin D, and fluoride. Washington, DC: National Academies Press.Google Scholar検索

Institute of Medicine, Food and Nutrition Board. 2001. Dietary reference intakes for vitamin A, vitamin K, arsenic, boron, chromium, copper, iodine, iron, manganese, molybdenum, nickel, silicon, vanadium, and zinc. Washington, DC: National Academy Press.Google Scholar検索

専門的実践

Williams, M.H. 2004. Dietary supplements and sports performance: Introduction and vitamins. Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition 1(2): 1-6.Google Scholar検索

Williams, M.H. 2005. Dietary supplements and sports performance: Minerals. Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition 2(1): 43-49.Google Scholar検索

Speich, M., A. Pineau, and F. Ballereau. 2001. Minerals, trace elements and related biological variables in athletes and during physical activity. Clinical Chimica Acta 312: 1-11.Google Scholar検索

・野菜(ブロッコリー、ホウレンソウ、緑マメ、ニンジンなど)

Williams, M.H. 2004. Dietary supplements and sports performance: Introduction and vitamins. Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition 1(2): 1-6.Google Scholar検索

Singh, A., F.M. Moses, and P.A. Deuster. 1992. Chronic multivitamin-mineral supplementation does not enhance physical performance. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise 24: 726-732.Google Scholar検索

表6.1 個人別(19-50歳)の各微量栄養素の運動に関連した機能およびRDA

Institute of Medicine, Food and Nutrition Board. 1998. Dietary references intakes for thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, vitamin B12, folate, pantothenic acid, biotin, and choline. Washington, DC: National Academy Press.Google Scholar検索

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