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[第9章]

 第9章 栄養タイミング



Chad M. Kerksick, PhD; ATC; CSCS,*D; NSCA-CPT,*D

Bussau, V.A., T.J. Fairchild, A. Rao, P. Steele, and P.A. Fournier. 2002. Carbohydrate loading in human muscle: An improved 1 day protocol. European Journal of Applied Physiology 87(3): 290-295.Google Scholar検索

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Yaspelkis, B.B., J.G. Patterson, P.A. Anderla, Z. Ding, and J.L. Ivy. 1993. Carbohydrate supplementation spares muscle glycogen during variable-intensity exercise. Journal of Applied Physiology 75(4): 1477-1485.Google Scholar検索

Coyle, E.F., A.R. Coggan, M.K. Hemmert, and J.E. Ivy. 1986. Muscle glycogen utilization during prolonged strenuous exercise when fed carbohydrate. Journal of Applied Physiology 61(1): 165-172.Google Scholar検索

Coburn, J.W., D.J. Housh, T.J. Housh, M.H. Malek, T.W. Beck, J.T. Cramer, G.O. Johnson, and P.E. Donlin. 2006. Effects of leucine and whey protein supplementation during eight weeks of unilateral resistance training. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research 20(2): 284-291.Google Scholar検索

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タイトル部分の試訳:サプリメントのタイミングとレジスタンスエクササイズが骨格筋の筋肥大に及ぼす影響

Kraemer, W.J., D.L. Hatfield, B.A. Spiering, J.L. Vingren, M.S. Fragala, J.Y. Ho, J.S. Volek, J.M. Anderson, and C.M. Maresh. 2007. Effects of a multi-nutrient supplement on exercise performance and hormonal responses to resistance exercise. European Journal of Applied Physiology 101(5): 637-646.Google Scholar検索

Tipton, K.D., B.B. Rasmussen, S.L. Miller, S.E. Wolf, S.K. Owens-Stovall, B.E. Petrini, and R.R. Wolfe. 2001. Timing of amino acid-carbohydrate ingestion alters anabolic response of muscle to resistance exercise. American Journal of Physiology: Endocrinology and Metabolism 281(2): E197-206.Google Scholar検索

Willoughby, D.S., J.R. Stout, and C.D. Wilborn. 2007. Effects of resistance training and protein plus amino acid supplementation on muscle anabolism, mass, and strength. Amino Acids 32(4): 467-477.Google Scholar検索

White, J.P., J.M. Wilson, K.G. Austin, B.K. Greer, N. St John, and L.B. Panton. 2008. Effect of carbohydrate-protein supplement timing on acute exercise-induced muscle damage. Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition 5: 5.Google Scholar検索

栄養タイミングと有酸素性持久力パフォーマンス

Coyle, E.F., A.R. Coggan, M.K. Hemmert, and J.E. Ivy. 1986. Muscle glycogen utilization during prolonged strenuous exercise when fed carbohydrate. Journal of Applied Physiology 61(1): 165-172.Google Scholar検索

Hawley, J.A., E.J. Schabort, T.D. Noakes, and S.C. Dennis. 1997. Carbohydrate-loading and exercise performance. An update. Sports Medicine 24(2): 73-81.Google Scholar検索

Tarnopolsky, M.A., M. Bosman, J.R. Macdonald, D. Vandeputte, J. Martin, and B.D. Roy. 1997. Postexercise protein-carbohydrate and carbohydrate supplements increase muscle glycogen in men and women. Journal of Applied Physiology 83(6): 1877-1883.Google Scholar検索

Coyle, E.F., A.R. Coggan, M.K. Hemmert, and J.E. Ivy. 1986. Muscle glycogen utilization during prolonged strenuous exercise when fed carbohydrate. Journal of Applied Physiology 61(1): 165-172.Google Scholar検索

Saunders, M.J., M.D. Kane, and M.K. Todd. 2004. Effects of a carbohydrate-protein beverage on cycling endurance and muscle damage. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise 36(7): 1233-1238.Google Scholar検索

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Dennis, S.C., T.D. Noakes, and J.A. Hawley. 1997. Nutritional strategies to minimize fatigue during prolonged exercise: Fluid, electrolyte and energy replacement. Journal of Sports Science 15(3): 305-313.Google Scholar検索

Burke, L.M. 2001. Nutritional needs for exercise in the heat. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology 128: 735-748.Google Scholar検索

カーボローディング

Bergstrom, J., and E. Hultman. 1966. Muscle glycogen synthesis after exercise: An enhancing factor localized to the muscle cells in man. Nature 210(5033): 309-310.Google Scholar検索

Karlsson, J., and B. Saltin. 1971. Diet, muscle glycogen, and endurance performance. Journal of Applied Physiology 31(2): 203-206.Google Scholar検索

Sherman, W.M., D.L. Costill, W.J. Fink, F.C. Hagerman, L.E. Armstrong, and T.F. Murray. 1983. Effect of a 42.2-km footrace and subsequent rest or exercise on muscle glycogen and enzymes. Journal of Applied Physiology 55: 1219-1224.Google Scholar検索

Sherman, W.M., D.L. Costill, W.J. Fink, and J.M. Miller. 1981. Effect of exercise-diet manipulation on muscle glycogen and its subsequent utilization during performance. International Journal of Sports Medicine 2(2): 114-118.Google Scholar検索

Bussau, V.A., T.J. Fairchild, A. Rao, P. Steele, and P.A. Fournier. 2002. Carbohydrate loading in human muscle: An improved 1 day protocol. European Journal of Applied Physiology 87(3): 290-295.Google Scholar検索

Bergstrom, J., L. Hermansen, E. Hultman, and B. Saltin. 1967. Diet, muscle glycogen and physical performance. Acta Physiologica Scandinavica 71(2): 140-150.Google Scholar検索

有酸素性持久力運動前の栄養摂取

Dennis, S.C., T.D. Noakes, and J.A. Hawley. 1997. Nutritional strategies to minimize fatigue during prolonged exercise: Fluid, electrolyte and energy replacement. Journal of Sports Science 15(3): 305-313.Google Scholar検索

Kerksick, C., T. Harvey, J. Stout, B. Campbell, C. Wilborn, R. Kreider, D. Kalman, T. Ziegenfuss, H. Lopez, J. Landis, J. Ivy, and J. Antonio. 2008. International society of sports nutrition position stand: Nutrient timing. Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition 5(1): 17.Google Scholar検索

Coyle, E.F., A.R. Coggan, M.K. Hemmert, R.C. Lowe, and T.J. Walters. 1985. Substrate usage during prolonged exercise following a preexercise meal. Journal of Applied Physiology 59(2): 429-433.Google Scholar検索

Dennis, S.C., T.D. Noakes, and J.A. Hawley. 1997. Nutritional strategies to minimize fatigue during prolonged exercise: Fluid, electrolyte and energy replacement. Journal of Sports Science 15(3): 305-313.Google Scholar検索

Earnest, C.P., S.L. Lancaster, C.J. Rasmussen, C.M. Kerksick, A. Lucia, M.C. Greenwood, A.L. Almada, P.A. Cowan, and R.B. Kreider. 2004. Low vs. high glycemic index carbohydrate gel ingestion during simulated 64-km cycling time trial performance. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research 18(3): 466-472.Google Scholar検索

Febbraio, M.A., J. Keenan, D.J. Angus, S.E. Campbell, and A.P. Garnham. 2000b. Preexercise carbohydrate ingestion, glucose kinetics, and muscle glycogen use: Effect of the glycemic index. Journal of Applied Physiology 89(5): 1845-1851.Google Scholar検索

Febbraio, M.A., and K.L. Stewart. 1996. CHO feeding before prolonged exercise: Effect of glycemic index on muscle glycogenolysis and exercise performance. Journal of Applied Physiology 81(3): 1115-1120.Google Scholar検索

Coyle, E.F., A.R. Coggan, M.K. Hemmert, R.C. Lowe, and T.J. Walters. 1985. Substrate usage during prolonged exercise following a preexercise meal. Journal of Applied Physiology 59(2): 429-433.Google Scholar検索

Sherman, W.M., G. Brodowicz, D.A. Wright, W.K. Allen, J. Simonsen, and A. Dernbach. 1989. Effects of 4 h preexercise carbohydrate feedings on cycling performance. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise 21(5): 598-604.Google Scholar検索

Neufer, P.D., D.L. Costill, M.G. Flynn, J.P. Kirwan, J.B. Mitchell, and J. Houmard. 1987. Improvements in exercise performance: Effects of carbohydrate feedings and diet. Journal of Applied Physiology 62(3): 983-988.Google Scholar検索

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Foster, C., D.L. Costill, and W.J. Fink. 1979. Effects of preexercise feedings on endurance performance. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise 11: 1-5.Google Scholar検索

Hawley, J.A., and L.M. Burke. 1997. Effect of meal frequency and timing on physical performance. British Journal of Nutrition 77(Suppl 1): S91-S103.Google Scholar検索

Febbraio, M.A., and K.L. Stewart. 1996. CHO feeding before prolonged exercise: Effect of glycemic index on muscle glycogenolysis and exercise performance. Journal of Applied Physiology 81(3): 1115-1120.Google Scholar検索

Earnest, C.P., S.L. Lancaster, C.J. Rasmussen, C.M. Kerksick, A. Lucia, M.C. Greenwood, A.L. Almada, P.A. Cowan, and R.B. Kreider. 2004. Low vs. high glycemic index carbohydrate gel ingestion during simulated 64-km cycling time trial performance. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research 18(3): 466-472.Google Scholar検索

Febbraio, M.A., J. Keenan, D.J. Angus, S.E. Campbell, and A.P. Garnham. 2000b. Preexercise carbohydrate ingestion, glucose kinetics, and muscle glycogen use: Effect of the glycemic index. Journal of Applied Physiology 89(5): 1845-1851.Google Scholar検索

Erickson, M.A., R.J. Schwarzkopf, and R.D. Mckenzie. 1987. Effects of caffeine, fructose, and glucose ingestion on muscle glycogen utilization during exercise. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise 19(6): 579-583.Google Scholar検索

有酸素性持久力運動中の栄養摂取

Febbraio, M.A., A. Chiu, D.J. Angus, M.J. Arkinstall, and J.A. Hawley. 2000a. Effects of carbohydrate ingestion before and during exercise on glucose kinetics and performance. Journal of Applied Physiology 89(6): 2220-2226.Google Scholar検索

Koopman, R., D.L. Pannemans, A.E. Jeukendrup, A.P. Gijsen, J.M. Senden, D. Halliday, W.H. Saris, L.J. Van Loon, and A.J. Wagenmakers. 2004. Combined ingestion of protein and carbohydrate improves protein balance during ultra-endurance exercise. American Journal of Physiology: Endocrinology and Metabolism 287(4): E712-720.Google Scholar検索

Nicholas, C.W., C. Williams, H.K. Lakomy, G. Phillips, and A. Nowitz. 1995. Influence of ingesting a carbohydrate-electrolyte solution on endurance capacity during intermittent, high-intensity shuttle running. Journal of Sports Sciences 13(4): 283-290.Google Scholar検索

Widrick, J.J., D.L. Costill, W.J. Fink, M.S. Hickey, G.K. Mcconell, and H. Tanaka. 1993. Carbohydrate feedings and exercise performance: Effect of initial muscle glycogen concentration. Journal of Applied Physiology 74(6): 2998-3005.Google Scholar検索

有酸素性持久力運動中における炭水化物の供給

Foster, C., D.L. Costill, and W.J. Fink. 1979. Effects of preexercise feedings on endurance performance. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise 11: 1-5.Google Scholar検索

Febbraio, M.A., A. Chiu, D.J. Angus, M.J. Arkinstall, and J.A. Hawley. 2000a. Effects of carbohydrate ingestion before and during exercise on glucose kinetics and performance. Journal of Applied Physiology 89(6): 2220-2226.Google Scholar検索

McConell, G., R.J. Snow, J. Proietto, and M. Hargreaves. 1999. Muscle metabolism during prolonged exercise in humans: Influence of carbohydrate availability. Journal of Applied Physiology 87(3): 1083-1086.Google Scholar検索

Nicholas, C.W., C. Williams, H.K. Lakomy, G. Phillips, and A. Nowitz. 1995. Influence of ingesting a carbohydrate-electrolyte solution on endurance capacity during intermittent, high-intensity shuttle running. Journal of Sports Sciences 13(4): 283-290.Google Scholar検索

Widrick, J.J., D.L. Costill, W.J. Fink, M.S. Hickey, G.K. Mcconell, and H. Tanaka. 1993. Carbohydrate feedings and exercise performance: Effect of initial muscle glycogen concentration. Journal of Applied Physiology 74(6): 2998-3005.Google Scholar検索

Erickson, M.A., R.J. Schwarzkopf, and R.D. Mckenzie. 1987. Effects of caffeine, fructose, and glucose ingestion on muscle glycogen utilization during exercise. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise 19(6): 579-583.Google Scholar検索

Hargreaves, M., D.L. Costill, A. Coggan, W.J. Fink, and I. Nishibata. 1984. Effect of carbohydrate feedings on muscle glycogen utilization and exercise performance. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise 16(3): 219-222.Google Scholar検索

Coyle, E.F., A.R. Coggan, M.K. Hemmert, R.C. Lowe, and T.J. Walters. 1985. Substrate usage during prolonged exercise following a preexercise meal. Journal of Applied Physiology 59(2): 429-433.Google Scholar検索

Fielding, R.A., D.L. Costill, W.J. Fink, D.S. King, M. Hargreaves, and J.E. Kovaleski. 1985. Effect of carbohydrate feeding frequencies and dosage on muscle glycogen use during exercise. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise 17(4): 472-476.Google Scholar検索

Bosch, A.N., S.C. Dennis, and T.D. Noakes. 1993. Influence of carbohydrate loading on fuel substrate turnover and oxidation during prolonged exercise. Journal of Applied Physiology 74(4): 1921-1927.Google Scholar検索

Coyle, E.F., A.R. Coggan, M.K. Hemmert, and J.E. Ivy. 1986. Muscle glycogen utilization during prolonged strenuous exercise when fed carbohydrate. Journal of Applied Physiology 61(1): 165-172.Google Scholar検索

Coyle, E.F., A.R. Coggan, M.K. Hemmert, R.C. Lowe, and T.J. Walters. 1985. Substrate usage during prolonged exercise following a preexercise meal. Journal of Applied Physiology 59(2): 429-433.Google Scholar検索

炭水化物の酸化速度

Jeukendrup, A.E., R.L. Jentjens, and L. Moseley. 2005. Nutritional considerations in triathlon. Sports Medicine 35(2): 163-181.Google Scholar検索

Hawley, J.A., A.N. Bosch, S.M. Weltan, S.C. Dennis, and T.D. Noakes. 1994. Glucose kinetics during prolonged exercise in euglycaemic and hyperglycaemic subjects. Pflugers Archives 426(5): 378-386.Google Scholar検索

Jentjens, R., J. Achten, and A.E. Jeukendrup. 2004. High rates of exogenous carbohydrate oxidation from multiple transportable carbohydrates ingested during prolonged exercise. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise 36(9): 1551-1558.Google Scholar検索

Jentjens, R., and A.E. Jeukendrup. 2003. Determinants of post-exercise glycogen synthesis during short-term recovery. Sports Medicine 33: 117-144.Google Scholar検索

Jentjens, R., and A.E. Jeukendrup. 2005. High exogenous carbohydrate oxidation rates from a mixture of glucose and fructose ingested during prolonged cycling exercise. British Journal of Nutrition 93(4): 485-492.Google Scholar検索

Jentjens, R., M.C. Venables, and A.E. Jeukendrup. 2004. Oxidation of exogenous glucose, sucrose, and maltose during prolonged cycling exercise. Journal of Applied Physiology 96: 1285-1291.Google Scholar検索

Jentjens, R.L., L. Moseley, R.H. Waring, L.K. Harding, and A.E. Jeukendrup. 2004. Oxidation of combined ingestion of glucose and fructose during exercise. Journal of Applied Physiology 96(4): 1277-1284.Google Scholar検索

Jeukendrup, A.E. 2004. Carbohydrate intake during exercise and performance. Nutrition 20(7-8): 669-677.Google Scholar検索

Jeukendrup, A.E., and R. Jentjens. 2000. Oxidation of carbohydrate feedings during prolonged exercise: Current thoughts, guidelines and directions for future research. Sports Medicine 29(6): 407-424.Google Scholar検索

Jentjens, R., C. Shaw, T. Birtles, R.H. Waring, L.K. Harding, and A.E. Jeukendrup. 2005. Oxidation of combined ingestion of glucose and sucrose during exercise. Metabolism: Clinical and Experimental 54: 610-618.Google Scholar検索

Wallis, G.A., D.S. Rowlands, C. Shaw, R. Jentjens, and A.E. Jeukendrup. 2005. Oxidation of combined ingestion of maltodextrins and fructose during exercise. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise 37(3): 426-432.Google Scholar検索

Currell, K., and A.E. Jeukendrup. 2008. Superior endurance performance with ingestion of multiple transportable carbohydrates. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise 40(2): 275-281.Google Scholar検索

炭水化物摂取の頻度とタイミング

Fielding, R.A., D.L. Costill, W.J. Fink, D.S. King, M. Hargreaves, and J.E. Kovaleski. 1985. Effect of carbohydrate feeding frequencies and dosage on muscle glycogen use during exercise. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise 17(4): 472-476.Google Scholar検索

McConell, G., R.J. Snow, J. Proietto, and M. Hargreaves. 1999. Muscle metabolism during prolonged exercise in humans: Influence of carbohydrate availability. Journal of Applied Physiology 87(3): 1083-1086.Google Scholar検索

McConell, G., R.J. Snow, J. Proietto, and M. Hargreaves. 1999. Muscle metabolism during prolonged exercise in humans: Influence of carbohydrate availability. Journal of Applied Physiology 87(3): 1083-1086.Google Scholar検索

Febbraio, M.A., A. Chiu, D.J. Angus, M.J. Arkinstall, and J.A. Hawley. 2000a. Effects of carbohydrate ingestion before and during exercise on glucose kinetics and performance. Journal of Applied Physiology 89(6): 2220-2226.Google Scholar検索

ベースラインのグリコーゲンレベルの影響

Widrick, J.J., D.L. Costill, W.J. Fink, M.S. Hickey, G.K. Mcconell, and H. Tanaka. 1993. Carbohydrate feedings and exercise performance: Effect of initial muscle glycogen concentration. Journal of Applied Physiology 74(6): 2998-3005.Google Scholar検索

Nicholas, C.W., C. Williams, H.K. Lakomy, G. Phillips, and A. Nowitz. 1995. Influence of ingesting a carbohydrate-electrolyte solution on endurance capacity during intermittent, high-intensity shuttle running. Journal of Sports Sciences 13(4): 283-290.Google Scholar検索

Patterson, S.D., and S.C. Gray. 2007. Carbohydrate-gel supplementation and endurance performance during intermittent high-intensity shuttle running. International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism 17(5): 445-455.Google Scholar検索

Nicholas, C.W., C. Williams, H.K. Lakomy, G. Phillips, and A. Nowitz. 1995. Influence of ingesting a carbohydrate-electrolyte solution on endurance capacity during intermittent, high-intensity shuttle running. Journal of Sports Sciences 13(4): 283-290.Google Scholar検索

Dennis, S.C., T.D. Noakes, and J.A. Hawley. 1997. Nutritional strategies to minimize fatigue during prolonged exercise: Fluid, electrolyte and energy replacement. Journal of Sports Science 15(3): 305-313.Google Scholar検索

Jeukendrup, A.E. 2004. Carbohydrate intake during exercise and performance. Nutrition 20(7-8): 669-677.Google Scholar検索

Jeukendrup, A.E., and R. Jentjens. 2000. Oxidation of carbohydrate feedings during prolonged exercise: Current thoughts, guidelines and directions for future research. Sports Medicine 29(6): 407-424.Google Scholar検索

有酸素性持久力運動中の炭水化物およびタンパク質の供給

Ivy, J.L., P.T. Res, R.C. Sprague, and M.O. Widzer. 2003. Effect of a carbohydrate-protein supplement on endurance performance during exercise of varying intensity. International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism 13(3): 382-395.Google Scholar検索

Saunders, M.J., M.D. Kane, and M.K. Todd. 2004. Effects of a carbohydrate-protein beverage on cycling endurance and muscle damage. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise 36(7): 1233-1238.Google Scholar検索

Saunders, M.J., M.D. Kane, and M.K. Todd. 2004. Effects of a carbohydrate-protein beverage on cycling endurance and muscle damage. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise 36(7): 1233-1238.Google Scholar検索

Saunders, M.J., N.D. Luden, and J.E. Herrick. 2007. Consumption of an oral carbohydrateprotein gel improves cycling endurance and prevents postexercise muscle damage. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research 21(3): 678-684.Google Scholar検索

Koopman, R., D.L. Pannemans, A.E. Jeukendrup, A.P. Gijsen, J.M. Senden, D. Halliday, W.H. Saris, L.J. Van Loon, and A.J. Wagenmakers. 2004. Combined ingestion of protein and carbohydrate improves protein balance during ultra-endurance exercise. American Journal of Physiology: Endocrinology and Metabolism 287(4): E712-720.Google Scholar検索

Koopman, R., D.L. Pannemans, A.E. Jeukendrup, A.P. Gijsen, J.M. Senden, D. Halliday, W.H. Saris, L.J. Van Loon, and A.J. Wagenmakers. 2004. Combined ingestion of protein and carbohydrate improves protein balance during ultra-endurance exercise. American Journal of Physiology: Endocrinology and Metabolism 287(4): E712-720.Google Scholar検索

Ivy, J.L., P.T. Res, R.C. Sprague, and M.O. Widzer. 2003. Effect of a carbohydrate-protein supplement on endurance performance during exercise of varying intensity. International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism 13(3): 382-395.Google Scholar検索

Koopman, R., D.L. Pannemans, A.E. Jeukendrup, A.P. Gijsen, J.M. Senden, D. Halliday, W.H. Saris, L.J. Van Loon, and A.J. Wagenmakers. 2004. Combined ingestion of protein and carbohydrate improves protein balance during ultra-endurance exercise. American Journal of Physiology: Endocrinology and Metabolism 287(4): E712-720.Google Scholar検索

Saunders, M.J., M.D. Kane, and M.K. Todd. 2004. Effects of a carbohydrate-protein beverage on cycling endurance and muscle damage. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise 36(7): 1233-1238.Google Scholar検索

Koopman, R., D.L. Pannemans, A.E. Jeukendrup, A.P. Gijsen, J.M. Senden, D. Halliday, W.H. Saris, L.J. Van Loon, and A.J. Wagenmakers. 2004. Combined ingestion of protein and carbohydrate improves protein balance during ultra-endurance exercise. American Journal of Physiology: Endocrinology and Metabolism 287(4): E712-720.Google Scholar検索

炭水化物とグリコーゲン再合成

Ivy, J.L. 1998. Glycogen resynthesis after exercise: Effect of carbohydrate intake. International Journal of Sports Medicine 19 Suppl 2: S142-145.Google Scholar検索

Keizer, H., H. Kuipers, and G. Van Kranenburg. 1987. Influence of liquid and solid meals on muscle glycogen resynthesis, plasma fuel hormone response, and maximal physical working capacity. International Journal of Sports Medicine 8: 99-104.Google Scholar検索

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Conlee, R.K., R.M. Lawler, and P.E. Ross. 1987. Effects of glucose or fructose feeding on glycogen repletion in muscle and liver after exercise or fasting. Annals of Nutrition and Metabolism 31: 126-132.Google Scholar検索

Ivy, J.L. 1998. Glycogen resynthesis after exercise: Effect of carbohydrate intake. International Journal of Sports Medicine 19 Suppl 2: S142-145.Google Scholar検索

Jentjens, R., and A.E. Jeukendrup. 2003. Determinants of post-exercise glycogen synthesis during short-term recovery. Sports Medicine 33: 117-144.Google Scholar検索

Jentjens, R.L.P.G., L. Van Loon, C.H. Mann, A.J.M. Wagenmakers, and A.E. Jeukendrup. 2001. Addition of protein and amino acids to carbohydrates does not enhance postexercise muscle glycogen synthesis. Journal of Applied Physiology 91: 839-846.Google Scholar検索

Van Loon, L.J., W.H. Saris, M. Kruijshoop, and A.J. Wagenmakers. 2000. Maximizing postexercise muscle glycogen synthesis: Carbohydrate supplementation and the application of amino acid or protein hydrolysate mixtures. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 72(1): 106-111.Google Scholar検索

Jeukendrup, A.E., R.L. Jentjens, and L. Moseley. 2005. Nutritional considerations in triathlon. Sports Medicine 35(2): 163-181.Google Scholar検索

Tarnopolsky, M.A., M. Gibala, A.E. Jeukendrup, and S.M. Phillips. 2005. Nutritional needs of elite endurance athletes. Part I: Carbohydrate and fluid requirements. European Journal of Sport Science 5(1): 3-14.Google Scholar検索

Keizer, H., H. Kuipers, and G. Van Kranenburg. 1987. Influence of liquid and solid meals on muscle glycogen resynthesis, plasma fuel hormone response, and maximal physical working capacity. International Journal of Sports Medicine 8: 99-104.Google Scholar検索

Nicholas, C.W., P.A. Green, and R.D. Hawkins. 1997. Carbohydrate intake and recovery of intermittent running capacity. International Journal of Sport Nutrition 7: 251-260.Google Scholar検索

炭水化物へのタンパク質付加とグリコーゲン再合成

Ivy, J.L., H.W. Goforth Jr., B.M. Damon, T.R. Mccauley, E.C. Parsons, and T.B. Price. 2002. Early postexercise muscle glycogen recovery is enhanced with a carbohydrate-protein supplement. Journal of Applied Physiology 93(4): 1337-1344.Google Scholar検索

Jentjens, R.L.P.G., L. Van Loon, C.H. Mann, A.J.M. Wagenmakers, and A.E. Jeukendrup. 2001. Addition of protein and amino acids to carbohydrates does not enhance postexercise muscle glycogen synthesis. Journal of Applied Physiology 91: 839-846.Google Scholar検索

Zawadzki, K.M., B.B. Yaspelkis, and J.L. Ivy. 1992. Carbohydrate-protein complex increases the rate of muscle glycogen storage after exercise. Journal of Applied Physiology 72(5): 1854-1859.Google Scholar検索

Berardi, J.M., E.E. Noreen, and P.W. Lemon. 2008. Recovery from a cycling time trial is enhanced with carbohydrate-protein supplementation vs. isoenergetic carbohydrate supplementation. Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition 5: 24.Google Scholar検索

Berardi, J.M., T.B. Price, E.E. Noreen, and P.W. Lemon. 2006. Postexercise muscle glycogen recovery enhanced with a carbohydrate-protein supplement. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise 38(6): 1106-1113.Google Scholar検索

Tarnopolsky, M.A., M. Bosman, J.R. Macdonald, D. Vandeputte, J. Martin, and B.D. Roy. 1997. Postexercise protein-carbohydrate and carbohydrate supplements increase muscle glycogen in men and women. Journal of Applied Physiology 83(6): 1877-1883.Google Scholar検索

Berardi, J.M., E.E. Noreen, and P.W. Lemon. 2008. Recovery from a cycling time trial is enhanced with carbohydrate-protein supplementation vs. isoenergetic carbohydrate supplementation. Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition 5: 24.Google Scholar検索

Borsheim, E., K.D. Tipton, S.E. Wolf, and R.R. Wolfe. 2002. Essential amino acids and muscle protein recovery from resistance exercise. American Journal of Physiology: Endocrinology and Metabolism 283(4): E648-657.Google Scholar検索

Ivy, J.L. 1998. Glycogen resynthesis after exercise: Effect of carbohydrate intake. International Journal of Sports Medicine 19 Suppl 2: S142-145.Google Scholar検索

Ivy, J.L., H.W. Goforth Jr., B.M. Damon, T.R. Mccauley, E.C. Parsons, and T.B. Price. 2002. Early postexercise muscle glycogen recovery is enhanced with a carbohydrate-protein supplement. Journal of Applied Physiology 93(4): 1337-1344.Google Scholar検索

Tarnopolsky, M.A., M. Bosman, J.R. Macdonald, D. Vandeputte, J. Martin, and B.D. Roy. 1997. Postexercise protein-carbohydrate and carbohydrate supplements increase muscle glycogen in men and women. Journal of Applied Physiology 83(6): 1877-1883.Google Scholar検索

Tipton, K.D., A.A. Ferrando, S.M. Phillips, D.J. Doyle, and R.R. Wolfe. 1999a. Postexercise net protein synthesis in human muscle from orally administered amino acids. American Journal of Physiology 276(4 Pt 1): E628-634.Google Scholar検索

Zawadzki, K.M., B.B. Yaspelkis, and J.L. Ivy. 1992. Carbohydrate-protein complex increases the rate of muscle glycogen storage after exercise. Journal of Applied Physiology 72(5): 1854-1859.Google Scholar検索

栄養タイミング、レジスタンストレーニング、筋力およびパワーのパフォーマンス

Baty, J.J., H. Hwang, Z. Ding, J.R. Bernard, B. Wang, B. Kwon, and J.L. Ivy. 2007. The effect of a carbohydrate and protein supplement on resistance exercise performance, hormonal response, and muscle damage. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research 21(2): 321-329.Google Scholar検索

Bird, S.P., K.M. Tarpenning, and F.E. Marino. 2006a. Effects of liquid carbohydrate/essential amino acid ingestion on acute hormonal response during a single bout of resistance exercise in untrained men. Nutrition 22(4): 367-375.Google Scholar検索

Bird, S.P., K.M. Tarpenning, and F.E. Marino. 2006b. Independent and combined effects of liquid carbohydrate/essential amino acid ingestion on hormonal and muscular adaptations following resistance training in untrained men. European Journal of Applied Physiology 97(2): 225-238.Google Scholar検索

Bird, S.P., K.M. Tarpenning, and F.E. Marino. 2006c. Liquid carbohydrate/essential amino acid ingestion during a short-term bout of resistance exercise suppresses myofibrillar protein degradation. Metabolism: Clinical and Experimental 55(5): 570-577.Google Scholar検索

Haff, G.G., A.J. Koch, J.A. Potteiger, K.E. Kuphal, L.M. Magee, S.B. Green, and J.J. Jakicic. 2000. Carbohydrate supplementation attenuates muscle glycogen loss during acute bouts of resistance exercise. International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism 10(3): 326-339.Google Scholar検索

レジスタンストレーニング前後の栄養摂取

Tipton, K.D., B.B. Rasmussen, S.L. Miller, S.E. Wolf, S.K. Owens-Stovall, B.E. Petrini, and R.R. Wolfe. 2001. Timing of amino acid-carbohydrate ingestion alters anabolic response of muscle to resistance exercise. American Journal of Physiology: Endocrinology and Metabolism 281(2): E197-206.Google Scholar検索

Tipton, K.D., T.A. Elliott, M.G. Cree, A. Aarsland, A.P. Sanford, and R.R. Wolfe. 2007. Stimulation of net muscle protein synthesis by whey protein ingestion before and after exercise. American Journal of Physiology: Endocrinology and Metabolism 292: E71-E76.Google Scholar検索

Kraemer, W.J., D.L. Hatfield, B.A. Spiering, J.L. Vingren, M.S. Fragala, J.Y. Ho, J.S. Volek, J.M. Anderson, and C.M. Maresh. 2007. Effects of a multi-nutrient supplement on exercise performance and hormonal responses to resistance exercise. European Journal of Applied Physiology 101(5): 637-646.Google Scholar検索

Kraemer, W.J., D.L. Hatfield, B.A. Spiering, J.L. Vingren, M.S. Fragala, J.Y. Ho, J.S. Volek, J.M. Anderson, and C.M. Maresh. 2007. Effects of a multi-nutrient supplement on exercise performance and hormonal responses to resistance exercise. European Journal of Applied Physiology 101(5): 637-646.Google Scholar検索

Coburn, J.W., D.J. Housh, T.J. Housh, M.H. Malek, T.W. Beck, J.T. Cramer, G.O. Johnson, and P.E. Donlin. 2006. Effects of leucine and whey protein supplementation during eight weeks of unilateral resistance training. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research 20(2): 284-291.Google Scholar検索

Candow, D.G., N.C. Burke, T. Smith-Palmer, and D.G. Burke. 2006. Effect of whey and soy protein supplementation combined with resistance training in young adults. International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism 16(3): 233-244.Google Scholar検索
タイトル部分の試訳:若年成人においてホエイおよび大豆タンパク質サプリメント摂取とレジスタンストレーニングを組み合わせた際の効果

Willoughby, D.S., J.R. Stout, and C.D. Wilborn. 2007. Effects of resistance training and protein plus amino acid supplementation on muscle anabolism, mass, and strength. Amino Acids 32(4): 467-477.Google Scholar検索

Cribb, P.J., and A. Hayes. 2006. Effects of supplement timing and resistance exercise on skeletal muscle hypertrophy. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise (11): 1918-1925.Google Scholar検索
タイトル部分の試訳:サプリメントのタイミングとレジスタンスエクササイズが骨格筋の筋肥大に及ぼす影響

Hoffman, J.R., N.A. Ratamess, C.P. Tranchina, S.L. Rashti, J. Kang, and A.D. Faigenbaum. 2009. Effect of protein-supplement timing on strength, power, and body-composition changes in resistance-trained men. International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism 19(2): 172-185.Google Scholar検索

Tipton, K.D., T.A. Elliott, M.G. Cree, A. Aarsland, A.P. Sanford, and R.R. Wolfe. 2007. Stimulation of net muscle protein synthesis by whey protein ingestion before and after exercise. American Journal of Physiology: Endocrinology and Metabolism 292: E71-E76.Google Scholar検索

Tipton, K.D., T.A. Elliott, M.G. Cree, S.E. Wolf, A.P. Sanford, and R.R. Wolfe. 2004. Ingestion of casein and whey proteins results in muscle anabolism after resistance exercise. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise 36(12): 2073-2081.Google Scholar検索

Tipton, K.D., B.B. Rasmussen, S.L. Miller, S.E. Wolf, S.K. Owens-Stovall, B.E. Petrini, and R.R. Wolfe. 2001. Timing of amino acid-carbohydrate ingestion alters anabolic response of muscle to resistance exercise. American Journal of Physiology: Endocrinology and Metabolism 281(2): E197-206.Google Scholar検索

Tipton, K.D., B.B. Rasmussen, S.L. Miller, S.E. Wolf, S.K. Owens-Stovall, B.E. Petrini, and R.R. Wolfe. 2001. Timing of amino acid-carbohydrate ingestion alters anabolic response of muscle to resistance exercise. American Journal of Physiology: Endocrinology and Metabolism 281(2): E197-206.Google Scholar検索

Bucci, L., and U. Lm. 2000. Proteins and amino acid supplements in exercise and sport. In: Energy-yield macronutrients and energy metabolism in sports nutrition, edited by J. Driskell and I. Wolinsky, 191-212. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press.Google Scholar検索

Tipton, K.D., T.A. Elliott, M.G. Cree, A. Aarsland, A.P. Sanford, and R.R. Wolfe. 2007. Stimulation of net muscle protein synthesis by whey protein ingestion before and after exercise. American Journal of Physiology: Endocrinology and Metabolism 292: E71-E76.Google Scholar検索

Wilkinson, S.B., M.A. Tarnopolsky, M.J. Macdonald, J.R. Macdonald, D. Armstrong, and S.M. Phillips. 2007. Consumption of fluid skim milk promotes greater muscle protein accretion after resistance exercise than does consumption of an isonitrogenous and isoenergetic soyprotein beverage. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 85(4): 1031-1040.Google Scholar検索

Coburn, J.W., D.J. Housh, T.J. Housh, M.H. Malek, T.W. Beck, J.T. Cramer, G.O. Johnson, and P.E. Donlin. 2006. Effects of leucine and whey protein supplementation during eight weeks of unilateral resistance training. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research 20(2): 284-291.Google Scholar検索

Cribb, P.J., and A. Hayes. 2006. Effects of supplement timing and resistance exercise on skeletal muscle hypertrophy. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise (11): 1918-1925.Google Scholar検索
タイトル部分の試訳:サプリメントのタイミングとレジスタンスエクササイズが骨格筋の筋肥大に及ぼす影響

Kraemer, W.J., D.L. Hatfield, B.A. Spiering, J.L. Vingren, M.S. Fragala, J.Y. Ho, J.S. Volek, J.M. Anderson, and C.M. Maresh. 2007. Effects of a multi-nutrient supplement on exercise performance and hormonal responses to resistance exercise. European Journal of Applied Physiology 101(5): 637-646.Google Scholar検索

Willoughby, D.S., J.R. Stout, and C.D. Wilborn. 2007. Effects of resistance training and protein plus amino acid supplementation on muscle anabolism, mass, and strength. Amino Acids 32(4): 467-477.Google Scholar検索

レジスタンストレーニング中の栄養摂取

Haff, G.G., A.J. Koch, J.A. Potteiger, K.E. Kuphal, L.M. Magee, S.B. Green, and J.J. Jakicic. 2000. Carbohydrate supplementation attenuates muscle glycogen loss during acute bouts of resistance exercise. International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism 10(3): 326-339.Google Scholar検索

Bird, S.P., K.M. Tarpenning, and F.E. Marino. 2006a. Effects of liquid carbohydrate/essential amino acid ingestion on acute hormonal response during a single bout of resistance exercise in untrained men. Nutrition 22(4): 367-375.Google Scholar検索

Bird, S.P., K.M. Tarpenning, and F.E. Marino. 2006c. Liquid carbohydrate/essential amino acid ingestion during a short-term bout of resistance exercise suppresses myofibrillar protein degradation. Metabolism: Clinical and Experimental 55(5): 570-577.Google Scholar検索

Bird, S.P., K.M. Tarpenning, and F.E. Marino. 2006b. Independent and combined effects of liquid carbohydrate/essential amino acid ingestion on hormonal and muscular adaptations following resistance training in untrained men. European Journal of Applied Physiology 97(2): 225-238.Google Scholar検索

Haff, G.G., A.J. Koch, J.A. Potteiger, K.E. Kuphal, L.M. Magee, S.B. Green, and J.J. Jakicic. 2000. Carbohydrate supplementation attenuates muscle glycogen loss during acute bouts of resistance exercise. International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism 10(3): 326-339.Google Scholar検索

Beelen, M., R. Koopman, A.P. Gijsen, H. Vandereyt, A.K. Kies, H. Kuipers, W.H. Saris, and L.J. Van Loon. 2008. Protein coingestion stimulates muscle protein synthesis during resistancetype exercise. American Journal of Physiology: Endocrinology and Metabolism 295(1): E70-77.Google Scholar検索

Bird, S.P., K.M. Tarpenning, and F.E. Marino. 2006b. Independent and combined effects of liquid carbohydrate/essential amino acid ingestion on hormonal and muscular adaptations following resistance training in untrained men. European Journal of Applied Physiology 97(2): 225-238.Google Scholar検索

Bird, S.P., K.M. Tarpenning, and F.E. Marino. 2006c. Liquid carbohydrate/essential amino acid ingestion during a short-term bout of resistance exercise suppresses myofibrillar protein degradation. Metabolism: Clinical and Experimental 55(5): 570-577.Google Scholar検索

Haff, G.G., A.J. Koch, J.A. Potteiger, K.E. Kuphal, L.M. Magee, S.B. Green, and J.J. Jakicic. 2000. Carbohydrate supplementation attenuates muscle glycogen loss during acute bouts of resistance exercise. International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism 10(3): 326-339.Google Scholar検索

トレーニング後の栄養とタンパク質バランス

Phillips, S.M., K.D. Tipton, A.A. Ferrando, and R.R. Wolfe. 1999. Resistance training reduces the acute exercise-induced increase in muscle protein turnover. American Journal of Physiology 276: E118-E124.Google Scholar検索

Pitkanen, H.T., T. Nykanen, J. Knuutinen, K. Lahti, O. Keinanen, M. Alen, P.V. Komi, and A.A. Mero. 2003. Free amino acid pool and muscle protein balance after resistance exercise. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise 35(5): 784-792.Google Scholar検索

Phillips, S.M., K.D. Tipton, A.A. Ferrando, and R.R. Wolfe. 1999. Resistance training reduces the acute exercise-induced increase in muscle protein turnover. American Journal of Physiology 276: E118-E124.Google Scholar検索

Tipton, K.D., B.B. Rasmussen, S.L. Miller, S.E. Wolf, S.K. Owens-Stovall, B.E. Petrini, and R.R. Wolfe. 2001. Timing of amino acid-carbohydrate ingestion alters anabolic response of muscle to resistance exercise. American Journal of Physiology: Endocrinology and Metabolism 281(2): E197-206.Google Scholar検索

Biolo, G., K.D. Tipton, S. Klein, and R.R. Wolfe. 1997. An abundant supply of amino acids enhances the metabolic effect of exercise on muscle protein. American Journal of Physiology 273(1 Pt 1): E122-129.Google Scholar検索

Tipton, K.D., A.A. Ferrando, S.M. Phillips, D.J. Doyle, and R.R. Wolfe. 1999a. Postexercise net protein synthesis in human muscle from orally administered amino acids. American Journal of Physiology 276(4 Pt 1): E628-634.Google Scholar検索

Borsheim, E., M.G. Cree, K.D. Tipton, T.A. Elliott, A. Aarsland, and R.R. Wolfe. 2004. Effect of carbohydrate intake on net muscle protein synthesis during recovery from resistance exercise. Journal of Applied Physiology 96(2): 674-678.Google Scholar検索

Ivy, J.L., H.W. Goforth Jr., B.M. Damon, T.R. Mccauley, E.C. Parsons, and T.B. Price. 2002. Early postexercise muscle glycogen recovery is enhanced with a carbohydrate-protein supplement. Journal of Applied Physiology 93(4): 1337-1344.Google Scholar検索

Tarnopolsky, M.A., M. Bosman, J.R. Macdonald, D. Vandeputte, J. Martin, and B.D. Roy. 1997. Postexercise protein-carbohydrate and carbohydrate supplements increase muscle glycogen in men and women. Journal of Applied Physiology 83(6): 1877-1883.Google Scholar検索

Borsheim, E., K.D. Tipton, S.E. Wolf, and R.R. Wolfe. 2002. Essential amino acids and muscle protein recovery from resistance exercise. American Journal of Physiology: Endocrinology and Metabolism 283(4): E648-657.Google Scholar検索

Tipton, K.D., B.B. Rasmussen, S.L. Miller, S.E. Wolf, S.K. Owens-Stovall, B.E. Petrini, and R.R. Wolfe. 2001. Timing of amino acid-carbohydrate ingestion alters anabolic response of muscle to resistance exercise. American Journal of Physiology: Endocrinology and Metabolism 281(2): E197-206.Google Scholar検索

Tipton, K.D., and R.R. Wolfe. 2001. Exercise, protein metabolism, and muscle growth. International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism 11(1): 109-132.Google Scholar検索

Borsheim, E., K.D. Tipton, S.E. Wolf, and R.R. Wolfe. 2002. Essential amino acids and muscle protein recovery from resistance exercise. American Journal of Physiology: Endocrinology and Metabolism 283(4): E648-657.Google Scholar検索

Miller, S.L., K.D. Tipton, D.L. Chinkes, S.E. Wolf, and R.R. Wolfe. 2003. Independent and combined effects of amino acids and glucose after resistance exercise. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise 35(3): 449-455.Google Scholar検索

Pitkanen, H.T., T. Nykanen, J. Knuutinen, K. Lahti, O. Keinanen, M. Alen, P.V. Komi, and A.A. Mero. 2003. Free amino acid pool and muscle protein balance after resistance exercise. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise 35(5): 784-792.Google Scholar検索

Ivy, J.L., H.W. Goforth Jr., B.M. Damon, T.R. Mccauley, E.C. Parsons, and T.B. Price. 2002. Early postexercise muscle glycogen recovery is enhanced with a carbohydrate-protein supplement. Journal of Applied Physiology 93(4): 1337-1344.Google Scholar検索

Tipton, K.D., and R.R. Wolfe. 2001. Exercise, protein metabolism, and muscle growth. International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism 11(1): 109-132.Google Scholar検索

Borsheim, E., K.D. Tipton, S.E. Wolf, and R.R. Wolfe. 2002. Essential amino acids and muscle protein recovery from resistance exercise. American Journal of Physiology: Endocrinology and Metabolism 283(4): E648-657.Google Scholar検索

Ivy, J.L., H.W. Goforth Jr., B.M. Damon, T.R. Mccauley, E.C. Parsons, and T.B. Price. 2002. Early postexercise muscle glycogen recovery is enhanced with a carbohydrate-protein supplement. Journal of Applied Physiology 93(4): 1337-1344.Google Scholar検索

Tipton, K.D., B.E. Gurkin, S. Matin, and R.R. Wolfe. 1999b. Nonessential amino acids are not necessary to stimulate net muscle protein synthesis in healthy volunteers. Journal of Nutritional Biochemistry 10: 89-95.Google Scholar検索

Tipton, K.D., B.B. Rasmussen, S.L. Miller, S.E. Wolf, S.K. Owens-Stovall, B.E. Petrini, and R.R. Wolfe. 2001. Timing of amino acid-carbohydrate ingestion alters anabolic response of muscle to resistance exercise. American Journal of Physiology: Endocrinology and Metabolism 281(2): E197-206.Google Scholar検索

Tipton, K.D., and R.R. Wolfe. 2001. Exercise, protein metabolism, and muscle growth. International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism 11(1): 109-132.Google Scholar検索

Levenhagen, D.K., J.D. Gresham, M.G. Carlson, D.J. Maron, M.J. Borel, and P.J. Flakoll. 2001. Postexercise nutrient intake timing in humans is critical to recovery of leg glucose and protein homeostasis. American Journal of Physiology: Endocrinology and Metabolism 280(6): E982-993.Google Scholar検索

Tipton, K.D., B.B. Rasmussen, S.L. Miller, S.E. Wolf, S.K. Owens-Stovall, B.E. Petrini, and R.R. Wolfe. 2001. Timing of amino acid-carbohydrate ingestion alters anabolic response of muscle to resistance exercise. American Journal of Physiology: Endocrinology and Metabolism 281(2): E197-206.Google Scholar検索

Biolo, G., K.D. Tipton, S. Klein, and R.R. Wolfe. 1997. An abundant supply of amino acids enhances the metabolic effect of exercise on muscle protein. American Journal of Physiology 273(1 Pt 1): E122-129.Google Scholar検索

Tipton, K.D., B.E. Gurkin, S. Matin, and R.R. Wolfe. 1999b. Nonessential amino acids are not necessary to stimulate net muscle protein synthesis in healthy volunteers. Journal of Nutritional Biochemistry 10: 89-95.Google Scholar検索

Tipton, K.D., and R.R. Wolfe. 2001. Exercise, protein metabolism, and muscle growth. International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism 11(1): 109-132.Google Scholar検索

Ivy, J.L. 1998. Glycogen resynthesis after exercise: Effect of carbohydrate intake. International Journal of Sports Medicine 19 Suppl 2: S142-145.Google Scholar検索

Rasmussen, B.B., K.D. Tipton, S.L. Miller, S.E. Wolf, and R.R. Wolfe. 2000. An oral essential amino acid-carbohydrate supplement enhances muscle protein anabolism after resistance exercise. Journal of Applied Physiology 88(2): 386-392.Google Scholar検索

Tipton, K.D., A.A. Ferrando, S.M. Phillips, D.J. Doyle, and R.R. Wolfe. 1999a. Postexercise net protein synthesis in human muscle from orally administered amino acids. American Journal of Physiology 276(4 Pt 1): E628-634.Google Scholar検索

運動後のサプリメント摂取とトレーニング適応

Candow, D.G., N.C. Burke, T. Smith-Palmer, and D.G. Burke. 2006. Effect of whey and soy protein supplementation combined with resistance training in young adults. International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism 16(3): 233-244.Google Scholar検索
タイトル部分の試訳:若年成人においてホエイおよび大豆タンパク質サプリメント摂取とレジスタンストレーニングを組み合わせた際の効果

Cribb, P.J., and A. Hayes. 2006. Effects of supplement timing and resistance exercise on skeletal muscle hypertrophy. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise (11): 1918-1925.Google Scholar検索
タイトル部分の試訳:サプリメントのタイミングとレジスタンスエクササイズが骨格筋の筋肥大に及ぼす影響

Cribb, P.J., A.D. Williams, and A. Hayes. 2007. A creatine-protein-carbohydrate supplement enhances responses to resistance training. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise 39(11): 1960-1968.Google Scholar検索

Hartman, J.W., J.E. Tang, S.B. Wilkinson, M.A. Tarnopolsky, R.L. Lawrence, A.V. Fullerton, and S.M. Phillips. 2007. Consumption of fat-free fluid milk after resistance exercise promotes greater lean mass accretion than does consumption of soy or carbohydrate in young, novice, male weightlifters. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 86: 373-81.Google Scholar検索

Kerksick, C.M., C. Rasmussen, S. Lancaster, M. Starks, P. Smith, C. Melton, M. Greenwood, A. Almada, and R. Kreider. 2007. Impact of differing protein sources and a creatine containing nutritional formula after 12 weeks of resistance training. Nutrition 23(9): 647-656.Google Scholar検索

Kerksick, C.M., C.J. Rasmussen, S.L. Lancaster, B. Magu, P. Smith, C. Melton, M. Greenwood, A.L. Almada, C.P. Earnest, and R.B. Kreider. 2006. The effects of protein and amino acid supplementation on performance and training adaptations during ten weeks of resistance training. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research 20(3): 643-653.Google Scholar検索

Tarnopolsky, M.A., G. Parise, N.J. Yardley, C.S. Ballantyne, S. Olatinji, and S.M. Phillips. 2001. Creatine-dextrose and protein-dextrose induce similar strength gains during training. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise 33(12): 2044-2052.Google Scholar検索

Wilkinson, S.B., M.A. Tarnopolsky, M.J. Macdonald, J.R. Macdonald, D. Armstrong, and S.M. Phillips. 2007. Consumption of fluid skim milk promotes greater muscle protein accretion after resistance exercise than does consumption of an isonitrogenous and isoenergetic soyprotein beverage. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 85(4): 1031-1040.Google Scholar検索

Willoughby, D.S., J.R. Stout, and C.D. Wilborn. 2007. Effects of resistance training and protein plus amino acid supplementation on muscle anabolism, mass, and strength. Amino Acids 32(4): 467-477.Google Scholar検索

Kerksick, C., T. Harvey, J. Stout, B. Campbell, C. Wilborn, R. Kreider, D. Kalman, T. Ziegenfuss, H. Lopez, J. Landis, J. Ivy, and J. Antonio. 2008. International society of sports nutrition position stand: Nutrient timing. Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition 5(1): 17.Google Scholar検索

ホエイとカゼイン

Boirie, Y., M. Dangin, P. Gachon, M.P. Vasson, J.L. Maubois, and B. Beaufrere. 1997. Slow and fast dietary proteins differently modulate postprandial protein accretion. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 94(26): 14930-14935.Google Scholar検索

Dangin, M., Y. Boirie, C. Garcia-Rodenas, P. Gachon, J. Fauquant, P. Callier, O. Ballevre, and B. Beaufrere. 2001. The digestion rate of protein is an independent regulating factor of postprandial protein retention. American Journal of Physiology: Endocrinology and Metabolism 280(2): E340-348.Google Scholar検索

Kerksick, C.M., C. Rasmussen, S. Lancaster, M. Starks, P. Smith, C. Melton, M. Greenwood, A. Almada, and R. Kreider. 2007. Impact of differing protein sources and a creatine containing nutritional formula after 12 weeks of resistance training. Nutrition 23(9): 647-656.Google Scholar検索

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Boirie, Y., M. Dangin, P. Gachon, M.P. Vasson, J.L. Maubois, and B. Beaufrere. 1997. Slow and fast dietary proteins differently modulate postprandial protein accretion. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 94(26): 14930-14935.Google Scholar検索

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クレアチン

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タイトル部分の試訳:サプリメントのタイミングとレジスタンスエクササイズが骨格筋の筋肥大に及ぼす影響

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